Adolescence as a stage of life course

Adolescence as a stage of life course This essay will discuss about adolescence as a stage of life course. It will first of all give the definition of adolescent. Utilising the lenses of Psychological, biological and sociological l theories, the essay will examine adolescent in its different facets and the impact on the adolescent. The essay will also demonstrate why adolescence is socially constructed. It will then explore how identities are formed in the process. The essay will look at the confusion in role that adolescents are facing in society. The essay will also discuss about the dynamic of the adolescents relationship with their family members, with their peers and with society as a whole. The essay will underline the importance of having the knowledge and insight of adolescence and the implication for social work practice. Adolescence or in Latin adolescere means to grow into maturity. The Evidences that marque this period are a considerable physiological as well as psychological changes. It is also defined as a time of significant changes; biologically, psychologically and social. These changes have consequently a massive impact on the adolescent`s social insertion. Considering adolescence as a process of growing up, it covers a life span between puberty and maturity. These two adjectives are what determinate the legal age of majority. According to universal definition, the beginning of adolescence is clearly defined by the appearance of the signs of puberty. These signs are triggered by hormones stimulation in the brain. These signs are internal as well as external. This transitional stage is the bridge that connects childhood and adulthood. Therefore teenagers are neither children nor adults. These changes have an impact on their relationships with both parents and peers. It also influences adolescents roles in society. The difficulties that are experienced by adolescents are also the confusion of identity.by definition, identity is a sense of self that develops as the child differentiates from parents and family and takes a place in society. This refers to the sense that adolescents have of who they are and also of what is most important about them. According to Erickson (1963) psychosocial theory, the adolescence life stage covers the period to 13 to 19 years old. He described this stage as fidelity where about the adolescent is experiencing psychosocial crisis. He described the crisis that characterise adolescence as identity versus role confusion. The psychosocial crisis is ` being the identity crisis versus the role confusion. The adolescent will raise concern about his appearance, his position and his role within society. During The transition from childhood to adulthood, the adolescent will also evaluate the role he will be playing in the grown-ups world. The combination of identity and roles for the adolescent is considered according to Hall (1904), as a time of storm and stress. The signs that forecast the storm and stress are mental disorder and challenging behaviour such as delinquency, mood swinging, withdrawalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ These changes within the adolescent`s life can also be voice breaking, experience sex arousal, gender-role identity increasing autonomy and responsibilities. Erickson (1963) was in favour that it is natural for human being to pass through a genetically determined sequence of psychosocial stages. Surely the adolescent will experience role confusion, confused ideas and feelings regarding specific ways in which he will fit into society. This experience will be underpinned by a spectrum of behaviour associated with certain activities such as getting closer to particular individual or enjoying doing specific things. The adolescent is hungry for more freedom; consequently parents have to reconsider their attitudes regarding their relationship with the adolescent. Erickson (1963) insisted that only when the adolescent is secured and confident in his own identity, he then can take risks involved in genuine social and sexual intimacy of a lasting kind. He stressed that during the adolescence life stage, the individual will eventually achieve a sense of identity regarding whom he is and where his life is heading to. A successful negotiation of the adolescence passage could prepare the adolescent for adult life by providing him with a sense of identity or in other words the adolescent will gain a sense of ego identity. Also the other facet of adolescent`s life is in later stages of adolescence the individual develops a sense of sexual identity. Erickson stressed that during adolescence, the blending of rapid growth, hormonal changes and a increasing awareness of adult tasks ahead pauses the question of the sameness and continuity. However, the problem in adolescence is the difficulty to establish a meaningful sense of personal identity. Evidence showed that emotional arousals are very intense and volatile during adolescence. The only possible escape route from this trap is risk-taking behaviour. Consequently the adolescent will be confronted by life-determined important question? Who am I and who will I be? The emergence of adult personality, is linked to the ability to choose and being faithful to commitments in role playing within society. He went on by stressing that the adolescent who fails to link identity and role will experience hardship and confusion in his lifespan. He insisted that life stages are punctuated by hardship and crisis. Life will always press demands upon individual, but the adolescent must be able to solve problem in order to successfully make transition between life stages. Hendry and Kloep (1999) were in favour to Erickson`s Psychosocial theory as they stressed that young people, as they grow up, find themselves in the trap of having to respond more and more to society`s demand in a responsible and adult way while being treated as immature and not capable of holding clear opinions on a wide range of social matters. This view demonstrates the difficulty for adolescent to behave like one. He is wanted to respond like an adult, but in the adult`s world he is considered as a child, therefore he is not able to get involve into serious discussions about society`s matters. But it is important to stress that adolescence is determined by an interconnection between physical and psychological development. During this period, new cognitive skills occur. The adolescent is able to reflect upon hypothetical event such as the concept of self and others. This would reshape the relationship between the adolescent and his family member and also with his peers. It important to stress that the quest for identity and the changing nature of relationship are considered as the specific traits of this period. James Marcia (1993), a writer who worked on Erickson`s life stage found four distinct kinds of identity status within adolescence. First of all he mentioned the identity diffusion which is characterised by the lack of commitment and indecision about serious life matters. The second identity status is the identity foreclosure. This one is the status of preliminary commitment and value commitment. It is characterised by the acceptance of other values. In other words, the adolescent is does not question or rebel against adults authorities. The third element that James Marcia (1993) found is the moratorium. He argued that the moratorium is a state of intense identity crisis. This crisis is defined by active interest to great decisions and exploration of opportunities for the future, but not yet concludes in a hard engagement. He went on by concluding that the moratorium status is and uncomfortable situation, because the adolescent may be tempted to avoid by going for the foreclosure. The last observation he made was the discovery of the identity achievement. The individual have overcome the crisis that he was experiencing and has finally decided engage in a concrete commitment. As Erickson would claim, this individual has successfully negotiated the challenge of this stage of life. Piaget`s (1952) work helps understanding the quantitative changes in how the adolescents think about their world. He claimed that adolescence is when children reach the stage of formal operation. He argued that at this stage, children are capable of solving problem as adults. According to his theory; Adolescence is the period when young people gain considerable new changes in their thinking abilities. We all agree that greater maturity emerges in capacities of reasoning and problem-solving. In the case of adolescence, it seems to be a qualitative move in thinking toward the ability to maintain different views simultaneously, considering knowledge and values as more linked than during childhood, and exploring more options and possibilities in their decision-making. On the other hand, these capacities of seeing situation from different perspective enable the adolescent to reflect upon the quality of his relationship with others and how he is treated. However, the probability of the good use of these new capacities depends on the experience, expertise and environmental demands. For Freud psychosexual theory, adolescence is regarded as the final stage of psychosexual development. Adolescence is directly linked to a considerable change in a sexual attitude. The adolescent seems to be directed toward the opposite sex in order to find a partner. Bowlby regarded adolescence as a stage which attachments to parents-figures are loosened. The adolescent will form new adult attachement. Bandura`s social learning stressed that most of human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling: from observing others, one forms an ideas of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. This theory demonstrates that human behaviour is a continuous reciprocal intervention between cognitive, behavioural and environmental influence. In respect of the adolescent`s identity and role, the social learning theory explains that adolescent copies his behaviour from what he has been taught. Also the quality of this relationship with others will depend on the codes received from them and from the environment. Maslow (1970) Humanistic approach in terms of the adolescence stage tends toward the self-actualisation aspect. As the adolescent is preparing to get into adult world, it is important to understand certain prerequisites attached to his status. Self-actualisation is the fact that one make full use of one`s talent and capacities. But in order to understand the full meaning of what constitutes full use, one must have a conception of the goal of growth and development. But yet like Rogers, Maslow believed that healthy people would start to show certain traits of self-actualisation characteristics. Aristotle (4th century B.C/1941 translation) comes in support of the social learning approach. He regarded that human being is an organic whole. His biological development has an impact on his psychological development. He stresses that young people that experience adolescence are emotionally unstable. Furthermore, Plato and Aristotle argued that those adolescents are impulsive. They are predisposed to excess. This attitude can be explained by the biological and psychological changes that they are going through. But, they marked that the end of this seismic period is punctuates by the development of a sense of self-control. Aristotle recognised that the most important trait of adolescence was the ability to choose. But this ability to choose is conditioned by various humanistic stages. Baker (1990) insists that although adolescence is a time of major change, many adolescents will experience it without major difficulty. Giving that adolescence spreads over a number of years, it involves important aspects such as social, emotional, cognitive and physical changes. In order to develop better understanding of this life stage, adolescence is divided into three sub-stages. The early adolescence (12-14) is the year where most of the physical changes appear. These changes are also followed by changes in relationships with peers and parents. The middle adolescence (14-16): at this stage, again variations occur. The most noticeable change is the increasing hunger for independence. But also some the adolescent are preparing for adult occupation and/or going into further education. Again, some of them experience late physical changes such as the appearance of spurts, voice breakingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Some of them exceptionally enter adult roles directly from middle adolescence. Late adolescence (17-19) is the time of progressive preparation for adulthood. As one would notice that the key features for adolescent are most of the time seen to be establishing a secure sense of who they are as they prepare for adult roles. It`s also about weaving more interdependent relationships with families. It is reaching physical adult maturity. And finally, it is constructing relationships with peers. Berger (1966) society not only controls our movements, but shapes our identity, our thought and our emotions. The structures of society become the structures of our own consciousness. Society does not stop at the surface of our skins. Society penetrates us as much as it envelops us. Human being is a sociable individual. His development and his identity are shaped by his ability of building up a relationship with others and with his environment. Talcott (1954), a functionalist argued that age differences are the forces that drive the overall functioning of the social system. He insisted that differences in social roles are associated with age groups in order to ensure the smooth running of the society itself. According to Talcott Parsons (1954) a functionalist, differences in the roles associated with age groups were very important for the good functioning of society. Talcott (1954) stressed that adolescence is a time when children start to express independence from their parents. Concerning the adolescence, Talcott (1954) believed that it the time when children start to develop independence from their parents. In the industrial society it is important that adolescents detached themselves from their parents in order to allow party, parents and adolescents to freely move to where work can be found. This independence from their parents shifts the loyalty that adolescents have for their parents to their peers and / or partners. Talcott (1954) went on by stressing that adolescents in their quest for independence are most of the time involve in a sort of rebellion. Also adolescents in their quest of who they are, put lot of accents on their image and on their independence. Though, it understood that the transition towards adult roles may not always be a smooth one, it helps the emergence of independent individuals within families units who well adapt to respond to the needs of industrial societies. Other authors would support that adolescence is by definition partly biology but also psychological transition, which is differently seen in different societies, at a different epoch. As far as they were concerned, in non-industrial countries where children were involved in the same activity as their parents, adolescence was a brief transition from childhood to adulthood. This brief transition was however marked by a cultural ceremony. For example, The Bar Mitzvah in the Jewish culture celebrates the transition for boys. However one understood that in western society, there is not a precise date to mark adolescence but it does mention a relatively prolong period in which young people are biologically adult but legally children. Nevertheless it is clear that the biological change is chares by every society. The explanation of the rebellious attitude of adolescents toward their parents could be due to the fact that the individual would like to resemble to the parents. They want to have the same authority and freedom as their parents. On the other hand, conformity in rule biding in Order, deviance and control are some of the basic realities in society. Order in society is the fact that individual can act and interact without major interruption. The definition of social order is the conformity to social norms and rules. Deviance occurs generally when rules are broken. Adolescents anti-social behaviour can be seen as a form of deviance. The main formal way to control adolescents deviance includes the police, the court, the prison, probation system and also the social worker. Durkheim ( ) a functionalist, insisted that order is important for the simple reason that it maintains the social equilibrium .Surely order is important for social life. However no-one have said that it is morally good of bad. It is how order is given which constitutes the major issues. Most authors recognised that adolescence is a transition stage which involves establishing a new identity. However, as individual experience things differently, one can stress that adolescence is not necessary a time of stress and bad behaviour. Other people have experienced a smooth transition from childhood to adolescence. Merton Marxist conclusion Ref: jann gumbiner (2003),Adolescent assessment Ref : Kate Wilson, Gillian Ruch ,Mark Lymbery, Andrew Cooper (2008), Social work (an introduction to contemporary practice), Pearson Education Limited. Ref : Richard Gross (2009) psychology the science of mind and behaviour, Hodder Arnold, 5th edition Ref: William E. Glassman(1995), approaches to psychology, open university press, 2nd edition. Ref : Haralambros and Holborn (2008), Sociology, Themes and Perspectives, Collins, seven edition Ref : Chris Beckett (2002), Human Growth and Development, Sage Publication Ltd, first edition. Mike O`Donnell (1997), Introduction to sociology, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, Fourth edition

Promotional Communication analysis :: essays research papers

Promotional Strategy Promotional Communication Analysis Company name: Windsor Smith Contents Page Introduction ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K. Page 3 Marketing Strategy ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K.Page 4 The Target Market & Consumer Behaviour ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K.Page 5 The Communication Process ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K.Page 6 Evaluating Windsor Smith ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K..Page 12 Conclusion ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K.. ¡K.. ¡KPage 15 References ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K.. ¡K ¡K.Page 16 Introduction________________________________________________ The magazine advertisement chosen for this assignment was selected from FHM June 2004 edition. FHM is predominately a male magazine being the biggest selling men ¡Ã‚ ¦s magazine in Australia and New Zealand. The chosen advertisement is a Windsor Smith advert on page 73 of FHM, a little bit less then halve way through the magazine and positioned between some of the hottest articles in the magazine. Analysis of this advertisement suggests the Windsor Smith advertisement is positioned at male metro sexual readers, wanting to purchase exceptionally fashionable shoes for themselves. Marketing Strategy__________________________________________ Opportunity Analysis  ¡Ã‚ ¥Marketing opportunities are areas where there are favorable demand trends, where the company believes customer needs and opportunities are not being satisfied, and where it can complete effectively. ¡Ã‚ ¦ (Belch & Belch 2001, p.40) Windsor Smith has effectively seen the opportunity of marketing to the new breed of Aussie males, the  ¡Ã‚ ¥metro-sexual-man ¡Ã‚ ¦ 60 minute reporter Charles Wooley, describes this new male breed as  ¡Ã‚ ¥Like Sex and the City, only for blokes, they are into makeovers, make-up and moisturisers. They know everything there is to know about shirts and shoes  ¡X and they ¡Ã‚ ¦re straight. ¡Ã‚ ¦ FHM describes the  ¡Ã‚ ¥metro-sexual-man ¡Ã‚ ¦ in his mid-to late twenties, intelligent and in a professional position, he knows all the latest brands and trends, he can chose a shiraz with his risotto and tie a perfect Windsor. Competitive Analysis  ¡Ã‚ §Competitive Analysis is something special a firm does or has that gives it an edge over competitors ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Belch & Belch, p.41) Other advertisement in the same edition of FHM includes a Julius Marlow, advertising stylish male shoes. It is not known if the marketers of Windsor Smith were aware that the Julius Marlow advertisement was to be placed in the same issue. The Julius Marlow advertisement is on a double page spread on the nineteenth page of FHM. It is informing the reader that Julius Marlow shoes, not only make the pricey male dress shoes that they are well known for. But also now make fashionable shoes similar to the shoes advertised in the Windsor Smith advertisement, similar in style and price. The Target Market and Consumer Behaviour____________________  ¡Ã‚ ¥Target marketing is the process of identifying the specific needs of segments, selecting one or more of these segments as a target and developing marketing programs directed to each. ¡Ã‚ ¦ (Belch & Belch 2001)

Frankenstein Encounters Of The Third Kind Comparative

One prominent novel that displays this is Mary Shelley Frankincense (1818). Victor, the scientist, creates a being that sadly gets rejected by society and even its own c aerator, with devastating consequences. Whereas in another concentration novel, Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1947), by Steven Spielberg, the Aliens are secretly welcomed by a select group of scientists, and a small group of ‘normal every people from the general public. In both novels, the main characters each neglect thee r families, suffer mental trauma, and have an obsession over something.To begin, in Frankincense , Victor thoroughly neglects his family for two whole years without having any contact with them, while he is creating the creature. In the midst of creating the being, he says, â€Å"And the same feelings which made me neglect the e scenes around me caused me also to forget those friends who were so many miles a absent. † (Shelley 45) Victor does not think that it is important to sta y in touch with his f rinds and family, and thus suffers even more when he is sick after the successful creation n of the monster.When he succeeds in bringing the creature to life, he is disgusted by t, neglects it, and abandons it. The monster says, â€Å"l, the miserable and the ban done, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. † (Shelley 231 ) The creature is not loved by Victor, or anybody else that it encounters, which is pa art of it's motivation to retaliate by committing crimes and making Victor miserable. Kisses, in Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Roy Nearly also rejects his fame ill in his pursuit of the ‘aliens' and ‘Fuss' .He is fired from his job, and constructs a 10 cookout platform on top of his garage, where day after day, he passes away the time eating for the Buffo's to come back. Like Victor Frankincense, in the midst of Roy Nearly actions, he forgets about his family and detaches himself from them, barely spending any time with them. His wife says, â€Å"Roy was sitting in his patio chair on the platform he had built on top of the garage roof. .. Roy didn't seem to hear Toby calling. He didn't see m to hear anybody these days. (Spielberg 39) This shows how Roy only really cares ABA UT looking for the BUFFO'S, and doesn't think about his family and how he is neglect ting them by not spending any time with them, but rather ignoring them. Secondly, Victor Frankincense deprives himself of rest and health when he is constructing the creature, and he experiences significant mental trauma whew n his creation comes to life. He has horrific nightmares, and exclaims how, â€Å"l was life less and did not recover my senses for a long, long time. † (Shelley 53) He also says how he contained a â€Å"nervous fever†(53).After the death of Victor's dear friend Henry Cleaver, Victor is shocked, and feels guilty that it was his fault for his friends death, beck cause he suspects that it was the mon ster who killed Henry. Victor says how he was doomed o live and in two months found myself as awaking from a dream , in a prison, stretched on a wretched bed†¦ â€Å"(Shelley 183) This line describes how miserable Victor is; how he is essentially stuck in a nightmare for two long months. He is in a prison, and his mental state is obviously deteriorating to the point where he is very depressed, and ‘ doomed to live'.Similarly, Roy Nearly puts himself in various situations which make the reader wonder if he is going insane/ crazy. After his encounter with the Buffo's, he is ‘compelled' to go somewhere or find something, but he doesn't know what it is he is searching f r. He first creates a small model of a mountain (â€Å"Devils Tower†) out of shaving cream, an d then proceeds to make a infection tall representation of the same mountain in his Paving room. His family wakes up in the morning to Roy throwing anything in he can find, like dirt, chicken wire, etc into the house.Nearly exclaims how, â€Å"If I don't do this†¦ L will need a doctor. † (Spielberg 154) His wife and children then proceed to drive away in their car, leaving Roy behind, and his wife?s last words to him are, â€Å"For what†¦ To see the me take you away In a straitjacket? (Spielberg 1 57) This shows how Ray's wife and chill drew think that he is going insane, and feel like he will eventually be taken away to a mental hospital/ institute. Both Roy Nearly and Victor Frankincense suffer serious mental deterioration and trauma as a result of their compulsions/ their specific pursuit.In Victor's case; bringing a human back from the dead, and in Rosy case; trying t o find out more about the Buffo's and Alien visitors. Lastly, Frankincense, and Robert Walton are obsessed with their own single need pursuits. Victor is obsessed with pushing the boundaries Of science, and Robe t is obsessed with finding a passage to the North Pole/ the Northwest passage. In Vi ctor's pursuit of knowledge, he doesn't stop to think about the consequences of his actions; he says how he was â€Å"Attacked by the fatal passion. † (Shelley 54).This eventually c asses his downfall, and the deaths of many of his friends and family. In Wallow's bobs session, he puts his crews lives at risk by continuing on their journey. He says how he an d his crew â€Å"voluntarily endured cold, famine, thirst, and want of sleep. † (Shelley 3) Walt on is obsessed with continuing forward, even whenever he knows that he and his c ewe have a very low probability of being successful, and ultimately of surviving. Similarly, Roy Nearly forms an obsession with the Buffo's that he witnessed that one night.After the strange event, he spends his days up on top of the garage ROR f, neglects his family, and his mental state becomes questionable. He is obsessed with if ending what is hidden at â€Å"Devil's Tower', and even a government military can't keep him from getting to it. This also shows how ambitious Roy is. When he is on his way to if ND what is at Devil's Tower, he says, â€Å"he [Roy] wasn't all that sure he could successfully escape the GM nerve gas†¦ He was on his way to something important and blindly pus heed on. (Spielberg 175) Roy is obsessed in a simpleminded pursuit, and is also ambition us and brave for not letting himself get stopped by the ‘nerve gas'. He ‘blindly' pushes on, not worrying about his personal safety/ health or the consequences of his actions. In , when Victor first creates the monster, even though he has spent years researching and creating the being, as soon as it comes to life, he is disgusted by it and repels it. The sociological and mental effects soon affect Victor, and he wonder s how anybody will ever accept him once they find out about the unethical thing he has done.Victor knows that society would most likely repel and reject the creature just lie eke Victor did when it came to life, which is exactly what happens, propelling the create re to become a ‘monster and take it's revenge out on Victor and his beloved friend s and family. In contrast, in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Roy Nearly is compelled to find out more about the OF he experienced, not giving any thought or care to what a nobody else in society would think about him once they found out.

Financial Inclusion An Emerging New Model Of Economic...

Abstract: Now-a-days the topic of financial inclusion is standing as an emerging new model of economic intensification. Financial inclusion is the recent notion which helps to accomplish the sustainable progress of the country, through accessible financial services to the unreached people with the help of financial institutions. Thus it plays a vital role in economic development of the country, by helping in pouring away poverty from the country. The main aim of financial inclusion is to make available banking service by providing access to financial market, credit market and gain knowledge of financial matters. Thus it aims is to provide banking and financial services to all people in a fair, transparent and equitable manner at affordable cost. Reserve bank of India and government plays a key role in promoting financial inclusion for economic development in the country by deepening the penetration of banking, making the banks nationalized, by RRBs establishment, introducing the approach of on e person one account and also by launching the self help groups (SHG). Simplifying the KYC norms, interest rates improvisation and providing easy access to credit facilities are some of the key steps taken to strength the process of financial inclusion. The present paper studies the significance of financial inclusion in the economic development of the country. 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Steve Jobs and His Apple Essay example - 1122 Words

On October 5, 2011 Steve Jobs passed away in his home in Palo Alto California; Jobs had been battling pancreatic cancer since 2003. Steve brought so much different technological advancement that most people use everyday without knowing who created them. Everything that Jobs created, he did because he understood what his customers wanted, and where the market was going. Steve Jobs believed in all of his products and innovations he sold to people, and had faith in the people he worked with was what really shaped Apple. After leaving the company and then returning, Steve Jobs’ influence made Apple one of the top computer companies in the world. It was Steve Jobs who made Apple leave the garage and make leaps and bounds in the world of†¦show more content†¦Whilst Apple was in a state of decline, Jobs started-up a new computer company called NeXT, and purchased the computer graphics division of Lucasfilms, Pixar, from George Lucas for $10 million and started making commer cials. Jobs contracted a deal with Disney for five feature films, the first Toy Story, was a hit and brought fame to Pixar when it was released in 1995 with Jobs as an executive producer. When the Disney contract was running out Jobs and Michael Eisner (then CEO of Disney) failed to negotiate a new contract with Disney while Pixar’s marketing director Pamela Kerwin believed that Jobs â€Å"had the brains, energy, and chutzpah to protect Pixars interest. He enabled us to negotiate as equals,† (2). With NeXT, Jobs perused computer perfection along with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, focusing on every little detail of the computers appearance. Eventually, Jobs’ obsession placed strain on the company’s hardware department and NeXT stopped producing computers and commenced a full transition to software development. Alan Deutschman emphasizes that â€Å"Jobs was described as a ‘control freak’, ‘egomaniac’, and ‘fearsom e tyrant’† (2). 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Benefits Of Feeding Breast Milk Essay - 908 Words

There are several benefits of feeding breast milk; they are lower risk of infectious disease, ear infection, allergic rhinitis, asthma, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), childhood obesity, upper respiratory tract infection and diarrhea episode (Neifer Bunik, 2013; Pineda, 2011). The total costs of the burden of not breastfeeding is around 13 billion dollars in the United States (Bonia, Twells, Halyard, Ludlow, Newhook Murphy, 2013). There exist racial and ethnic disparity in breastfeeding in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) African American population breastfeeding rate is 58.9% compared to Caucasian American is 75.2%. There are several barriers to initiation and continuation of breastfeeding behavior from birth till six months; they are: soreness of nipple, mother’s own views on breastfeeding, lacks family and social support, delivery type, number of pregnancies, use of any illicit drugs, premature newborn, age of a mo ther, illnesses of a mother and infant, real and perceived milk insufficiency, convenience of Women Infant children (WIC) formula, delayed intervention to breastfeeding problems, lacks breastfeeding information, lacks follow up after discharge, early introduction of solid food, perception of normal infant behavior, lacks knowledge about pumping breast milk, lacks support from health care provider, mothers education level and maternal occupation (Cabieses, Waiblinger, Santorelli McEachan, 2014;Show MoreRelatedEssay on Breast-Feeding vs Formula876 Words   |  4 Pagesa mother and family can make is the option of breast milk or formula. 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Project Management Beyond Earned Value Management

Question: Describe about the Project Management for Beyond Earned Value Management. Answer: Part One Project Name, Team and Description Team Name Team PMS Project Manager John Wilson Other Team members Sami Ryan Contact no: Danny Fluke Contact no: Kristen Churchill Contact no: Date of Status Report 7th October, 2016 Name of project Riverina Agriculture and Lifestyle Show Project Overview The project covers the implementation of the computer based record keeping system at Globex corp. The system would be designed for keeping records of the volunteers that are employed for their showcase held every year. Project Description The project has been implied for Globex Corp and it requires designing a system for record keeping. The system used by Globex Corp is manual and they require a computerized system for record keeping. The volunteers for the yearly showcase held in November would require the involvement of number of volunteers for smooth operations. The operations include live shows, demonstration, show stands, volunteering, and catering. The computerized system would keep track of the volunteers at RALS. Team Charter Skills and Knowledge Team Members Skills and Knowledge John Wilson (Project Manager) Leadership, Management Skills, Motivator Sami Ryan (Core Designer) Designing, Creativity, And Drawing Ability Danny Fluke (Coder and Tester) Coding Knowledge, Programming Experience, and Critical Analyst Kristen Churchill (Budgeter) Accounting Knowledge, Knowing Principles of Costing and Market Analyst Roles and Responsibilities Project Manager The project manger has to manage the project operations, take necessary decisions, and he is responsible for completion of the project. Core Designer He would be responsible for designing the software system and graphical user interface or GUI. The designer would be responsible for maintenance of the software designs and its interface. Coder and Tester The coder would be responsible for making the coding of the complete software. The application programs would be coded and programmed by him. The application is tested by him before delivering it to the client and making sure that the software meet all the requirements of the client. Budgeter The budgeter is responsible for keeping the project costing within estimated value. The financial analyst or budgeter would have to make sure that the expense should not increase from the quoted cost of the project. She would have to do market research for keeping the amount of money expended on the software project for gaining maximum profit without compromising the quality of the project. Team Communications Meeting Times and Location Agenda Team Name: PMS Date: 12th October, 2016 Time: 1100 hrs Place: Central Hall Meeting Purpose: Discussion about the work division of the Project Topic Person Responsible Time 1. Introduction of meeting Host of the meeting 5 mins 2. Planning process in the project Project Manager 15 mins 3. Discussion of roles of team members All Team Members 12 mins 4. Setting Objectives of the project Project Manager 10 mins 5. Assigning task to each of the team member with estimated time of completion Project manager 10 mins 6. Asking the members if they have any doubts or if they want to say something All team members 15 mins 7. Synopsis of the meeting Host of the meeting 7 mins Communication Channel and Information Sharing There are number of communication channels for the members of the project group and they can be classified into the following sub headings. Intranet or web portal The intranet of web portal made for the project can act as a mean of communication. The technological development has made it easy to communicate with each other. Internet resource is very helpful in sharing ones idea and it can be utilized to convey the messages from one person to other about the project progress or any queries related to it. Face to face meetings Occasional meeting of the project members for discussing the progress of the project can be utilized for communication with the project group members. These meetings would also act as the channel of communication and exchange of ideas. Email A formal yet an effective way for communication are emails. It is useful for sharing ideas to other members of the project group. The communication could be greatly effective as the range of email is over the internet and its operations are very fast. Team Rules and Expectations 1. The previous experiences while working in a group project are: Positive Effects Negative Effects The work has been divided and hence the work load was less on each individual When one person was late, it affected the work progress of all the people in the project Brainstorming helped in critical analysis of the topic and it resulted in being able to understand all aspects of the topic Difference of opinions gave rise to some conflicts and arguments which was needed to be resolved Each person had got the part of task he or she could do brilliantly. It had helped in bringing out the best from the team member Some of the people were not be able for getting acquainted or understanding with most parts of the project The group work had resulted in making the team members socially accustomed to each other in the group They had ended up chatting and talking more rather than concentrating on the work. The members had worked more hard for contributing more for the project completion and getting recognition It became harder for managing big group of people. Even managing the schedules of meetings became a problem. As everyone could be put together easily Team values Importance of team values Statement of team values Commitment for the work Basing our work on the project demand Acceptance of all members Listening to each other with an open mind without interruption Impartial sharing of ideas Sharing knowledge, information and experience with those who can benefit Reasoning power development Taking key decisions based on reasoning not rank Team Spirit Expressing concerns only to those responsible for dealing with them Working culture A responsibility culture not a blame culture Development Oriented Striving for continuous improvement No dishonesty or ego Positively challenging dishonesty or destructive behavior without being egoistic Code of ethics Statement We would work tirelessly for continuous development of the team and its undertaking projects for completing it on the provided time. We would keep ourselves work oriented, non egoistic, social, helpful, honest and highly motivated. The team members would be impartial and high spirited for accepting all as one for all. Rules and expectations The ground rules and expectation of a project group for successful completion of project are being classified in the subheadings. Fair sharing of Task The task allocated to each of the group member must be shared fairly. It means all the tasks or work assigned to any member must not make him or her uncomfortable for completion. Their strengths should be utilized in the project work. Efficient workplace It is very important to find a workplace suitable for working on the project. A home may be comfortable for doing the work at peace however it may not have all the things necessary for completing the assigned work. The workplace should help in providing the necessary focus on the project. Respect individual opinions The team members must respect the opinions and thoughts of other team members. It is important for forming synchronization among the working capacity and thinking ability of the team members for successful completion of the project. Signatures Name of the Team Member Signatures John Wilson John Wilson Sami Ryan Sami Ryan Danny Fluke Danny Fluke Kristen Churchill Kristen Churchill Part Two Learning Cycles Event Purpose Scribe Organizer Media of Communication Status Date Introductory Commitment Bringing all team members on same page Team members Project Manager Face to face meeting 12th October, 2016 Review external agenda Understanding government policies Project Coordinator External Regulators Emails 13th October, 2016 Weekly Evaluation Reviewing the project progress till date Project manager and Stakeholders Team members Web Portal 15th October, 2016 Design Review Understanding the Designing requirements of the client Chief Designer Quality management Face to face meeting or Email 11th October, 2016 Coding Requirement Creating the coding language program for the design Quality Management Coder and tester Data Sheet or requirements 13th October, 2016 Integration of the design and codes The codes made and the design planned would develop the software Quality management Designer and coder Practical results sheets 19th October, 2016 Part Three Stakeholders List The list of stakeholders for a project includes: Project Stakeholder Importance Contract Management team Manages the contracts terms and conditions for the project, Negotiation of the contract is also the responsibility of contract management team Customers/Client Customers can be part of board or sponsor, provider of money and project requirements External Regulators Representatives of all the external constraint of the project, examples- government bodies providing access to required infrastructure or permits Project Manager Responsible for delivery and successful completion of project, time management, quality maintenance and determination of scope for the project Project Team The assembles members of the team who will perform all the activities for successful completion of the project, responsible for working full time or part time on the project for meeting the requirements of the client or customer Testing and Quality Management Have to make sure that the developed project would be able to run and provide profit in real time, assessing specialist functions for the improvement of the quality of project Budgeter or account management Responsible for completion of the project within the stipulated budget, keeping the expense under control, channeling the cross sell operations Suppliers Resource provider for the project, vital for successful completion of project Communication Plan for stakeholders Audience for the communication Transferred Message Schedule Medium of Communication Person Responsible Management committee System overview consisting of goals, implementation, objectives, scope, future strategies, software development When required Documents such as formal paper and reports Project leader, software development team Task committee Forming strategies, budget, technology development Monthly basis Demos, reports, and documents Sponsors and budgeter Departmental administration Objectives and goals of phases, system overview, job responsibilities Different stages Email, training season Contract Management team, Project Manager Implementation team Strategies, issue resolutions, responsibilities Weekly or as required by stakeholders Email, meetings, workshops External Regulators, Project Manager End users Business process, forms, access Mid Stages of project Through training seasons, emails Administrator, developer Part Four Annotated Bibliography Article 1: Project and Evaluation time in- The GoBifo Project Evaluation Report (Source: Casey, Glennerster and Miguel, 2013) Summary: The project evaluation and time required for completion of the GoBifo project consist of a figure deciphering the stages of project development. The first part consisted of the baseline surveys, development planning, and approval reviews of the project. The second phase consisted of the project implementation processes in parts. The project was huge and it was not possible for implementation of the whole project in one attempt. The third part consisted of the voucher program and end of line survey. The whole article is about the implementation of the project management in the project of Sierra Leone. The project participants were selected from diversified communities who were able to design the causal effects of the project development. The whole project took 4 years for completion and it resulted in finding the following outcomes, impact of project, the lingering effects on the project and spillovers of the non project realms. Article 2: Project evaluation with democratic decision-making: What does costbenefit analysis really measure? (Source: Nyborg, 2014) Summary: The article is based on the evaluation of the project in terms of financial measurement. The standard cost analysis has been based on the value judgments and it is controversial. The problematic shown in the article is the demographic selection process in project operations. The similarity between cost benefit and cost impact analysis can lead to emphasis on the financial valuation of the project. The complete analysis of the project is based on the analysis of the financial development of the project. The cost analysis have different approaches in project development as cost benefit analysis projects the total or net amount that can be expended on the project. The total cost of making the project is neither more nor less than the projected value. The decision making process can be largely benefited by the employment of the cost analysis of the project. Article 3: A review of project evaluation methodologies to address net impacts and risks of toll road projects to the community (Source: Chi Bunker Kajewski, 2016) Summary: The article has shown the review of the project evaluation process and methods. The project evaluation is an essential requirement of the project management process. The evaluation process consists of cost measurement, risk analysis, benefit calculation, and uncertainty management. It would help in enhancing the process of the decision making in the project development. The review of the project evaluation methods and processes has shown the gap in the knowledge of the toll roads and evaluation. The project reviewed in the article is for transportation facilities. The cost benefit analysis has been suggested for further evaluation of the project in terms of costing and decision making. However, no specific methodology has been prompted for evaluating the project management of the road construction and transportation facility. The limitation of the project has been mentioned in the report such as gap in knowledge and absence of any particular methodology for project evaluatio n. Closure Checklist The project closure checklist is a long list of activities that have been done for successful completion of the project. Step Action Check 1 Assembling the team members and allocating them corresponding tasks ? 2 Obtaining and Evaluating the work from each of the project member ? 3 Developing strategies and planning for the project ? 4 Perform iterative analysis of the costing factor ? 5 Developing the software design and user interface ? 6 Completing the programming for the software ? 7 Integrating the coding and design ? 8 Testing the software before producing it to the client ? 9 Cost analysis of the software for calculating the profit gained ? 10 Updating the clients requirements ? 11 Evaluating the service of the software with the requirements of the clients ? 12 Feedback from the client on the usage of the software ? 13 Synopsis of the project ? Project Evaluation The project can be evaluated of 4 characteristics such as relevancy, effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability. Relevancy The project processes developed is relevant for the software development process for the RALS project as it has helped in meeting the objectives of the project Effectiveness The project processes and operations are effective as the objective for developing a software system for RALS volunteer data maintenance system has been met Efficiency The cost and benefit analysis has helped in keeping the expense of the project in the expected budget Sustainability The project plan can be useful for the company for development of the software. Hence the project is sustainable Part Five Reflection Leadership Qualities include channelizing the project towards successful completion of the project, motivating employees for task assignment completion, and controlling the project processes and operations. The experience of leadership qualities has helped in tackling the problems and the issues that may arise in the project. The other qualities of leadership skills for project management are integrity, responsibility, and trustworthiness. I had developed these qualities of good leadership skills due to my previous experience of being project manager. The project requires a skilled and effective leadership for the project completion. I had to face some scenarios that have helped in developing the leadership skills for project management. In the first scenario I had to maintain the integrity of the team group, when there raised some situation of disagreement among the team members. They had conflicted on the topic of the meeting date and I being the manager of the project intervened for forming harmony between them. I realized the importance of keeping the team on the same page, as when the conflict raised it became really hard for decreasing the rift in between them. It took me almost an hour for coming with a solution for the problem. Another scenario came when a person unresponsively caused the loss of data. He was assigned for taking the data from a source and after taking the data he misplaced it. All the other team members held me responsible for giving the responsibility on him. I realized whatever outcome of the decision would be, the project manager would be responsible for it. Hence, I realized how much responsibility of the project manager has in the project decisions. I have realized that the project manager for ICT professional must be acquainted with some specific skills, techniques, and methods while managing an IT project. These skills include Honesty, Delegacy, Communication, Confidence, Commitment, Positivity, Creativity, Intuitive, and Inspiring. The first and the foremost important quality of a good manager for ICT professional project is honesty. The project is a team work and until the team trusts me, I would not be able to convey the goals and objectives of the project to my team members. Hence communication is another important quality that would help in aligning the objectives of the project with the team members. The other qualities like confidence, positivity, and creativity had helped me in forming effective project completion. Intuitive and inspiring qualities had helped me taking appropriate decisions and motivating team members for performing better. I have to use these qualities for successful completion of the RALS project. Hence I can evidently from my experience say that the project management is not an easy feat that can be achieved without putting effort, developing skills of leadership, forming systematic communication schemes and using prior knowledge about the technological development. I have to use some strategies for putting forward the planning of the ICT project. Bibliography Acebes, F., Pajares, J., Galn, J. M., Lpez-Paredes, A. (2013). Beyond earned value management: A graphical framework for integrated cost, schedule and risk monitoring.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,74, 181-189. Alexandra-Mihaela, P., Danut, D. D. (2013). The measurement and evaluation of the internal communication process in project management.Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series,22(1), 1563-72. Boulmetis, J., Dutwin, P. (2014).The ABCs of evaluation: Timeless techniques for program and project managers(Vol. 56). John Wiley Sons. Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Casey, K., Glennerster, R., Miguel, E. (2013). The GoBifo Project Evaluation Report: Assessing the Impacts of Community-driven Development in Sierra Leone. 13-14 Cheung, S. O., Yiu, T. W., Lam, M. C. (2013). Interweaving trust and communication with project performance.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,139(8), 941-950. Chi, S., Bunker, J. M., Kajewski, S. L. (2016). A review of project evaluation methodologies to address net impacts and risks of toll road projects to the community. Chih, Y. Y., Zwikael, O. (2015). Project benefit management: A conceptual framework of target benefit formulation.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 352-362. Ding, R. (2016). Project Closure Aiming for Maximum Value. InKey Project Management Based on Effective Project Thinking(pp. 325-338). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Ferrucci, F., Harman, M., Ren, J., Sarro, F. (2013, May). Not going to take this anymore: multi-objective overtime planning for software engineering projects. InProceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Software Engineering(pp. 462-471). IEEE Press. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Haifeng, L. I. (2012). Project evaluation method based on matter-element and hierarchy model.TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control),10(3). Hu, Y., Zhang, X., Ngai, E. W. T., Cai, R., Liu, M. (2013). Software project risk analysis using Bayesian networks with causality constraints.Decision Support Systems,56, 439-449. Kendrick, T. (2015).Identifying and managing project risk: essential tools for failure-proofing your project. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Kerzner, H. R. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Khodakarami, V., Abdi, A. (2014). Project cost risk analysis: A Bayesian networks approach for modeling dependencies between cost items.International Journal of Project Management,32(7), 1233-1245. Locatelli, G., Mancini, M., Romano, E. (2014). Systems Engineering to improve the governance in complex project environments.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), 1395-1410. Nyborg, K. (2014). Project evaluation with democratic decision-making: What does costbenefit analysis really measure?.Ecological Economics,106, 124-131. Partin, M. R., Powell, A. A., Nugent, S., Ordin, D. L. (2013). Colorectal cancer diagnosis improvement project evaluation demonstrates the importance of using multiple measures to track progress toward timeliness goals.Journal for Healthcare Quality,35(3), 41-48. Tan, F., Lloyd, B., Evans, C. (2012).Guide to project evaluation: part 4: project evaluation data(No. AGPE04/12). Turk, D., France, R., Rumpe, B. (2014). Assumptions underlying agile software development processes.arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.6610. Verzuh, E. (2015).The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons. Wagner, S. M., Padhi, S. S., Zanger, I. (2014). A real option-based supply chain project evaluation and scheduling method.International Journal of Production Research,52(12), 3725-3743. ZENG, M., WANG, Z., LIU, S., QIAN, Q. (2014). Post-Evaluation of Investment Benefit for Grid Construction Project in Regions without Electricity.Electric Power Construction,5, 021.